Convict Love Token, c.1787. Courtesy Powerhouse Museum

Collection
Powerhouse Museum, Sydney, Australia

Object Name
Convict Love Token

Object/Collection Description
A convict love token made for Thomas Tilley a convict on the First Fleet. It was probably made in Portsmouth, England c.1786 – 1787. A circular copper disc, fully hand engraved. Obverse: inscription “Thomas Tilley transported 29 July 1785 for signing a note sent the hulks Jan 24 1786″. Reverse: shows a bird with a chain around its neck, a symbol of a Jail Bird. Dimensions: 27 mm in diameter X 1 mm High.

When England lost its American colonies in 1778 in the American War of Independence, it began to look to the Pacific to replace these markets and resources. Joseph Banks, an influential naturalist and merchant, convinced the British government that breadfruit from Tahiti was an ideal crop to grow in the West Indies and use to feed slaves. Banks also argued that Botany Bay in New South Wales would make an ideal British port in the Pacific and that a settlement should be established with indentured convict labour. A penal settlement was also seen as a possible solution to the increasing problem of petty crime and a growing prison population in English cities.

These problems were compounded by massive unemployment due to the ‘Industrial Revolution’. Food and materials once supplied from farms across the British Isles were now replaced by imports that were processed in mills and factories. British farm owners turned their land over to sheep grazing. They evicted farm labourers and their families, who, with no jobs and nowhere to live, flocked to the cities looking for work in the mills. Many resorted to petty crime to feed their families and indeed petty crime became a way of life for many. Criminality was widespread because it was hard to catch criminals in the warren like streets of the industrial cities and there was not a dedicated professional police force. Despite this the few gaols there started to fill up and a solution to the crime problem was sought.

Despite it being a huge and very expensive experiment to set up a colony in an unknown land on the other side of the world, Britain decided to establish a penal colony at Botany Bay under the leadership of Captain Arthur Phillip. This was hoped to replace convict dumping ground lost in North America, clear out the British gaols, provide a deterrent to crime in Britain and establish a deep water port in the South Pacific for Britain to expand its territories.

The First Fleet of 11 ships, each one no larger than a Manly ferry, left Portsmouth in 1787 with more than 1480 men, women and children onboard. Although most were British, there were also Jewish, African, American and French convicts who were living in Britain. After a voyage of three months the First Fleet arrived at Botany Bay on 24 January 1788. Here the Aboriginal people, who had lived in relative isolation for 40,000 years, met the British in an uneasy stand off at what is now known as Frenchman’s Beach at La Perouse. On 26 January two French frigates of the Lapérouse expedition sailed into Botany Bay as the British were relocating to Sydney Cove in Port Jackson. The isolation of the Aboriginal people in Australia had finished. European Australia was established in a simple ceremony at Sydney Cove on 26 January 1788.

Between 1789 and 1791, the settlers at Sydney Cove were critically short of food. To make matters worse, the supply ship Guardian was wrecked off South Africa before it reached the Colony, and HMS Sirius, one of two of the Colony’s Navy vessels, was wrecked on Norfolk Island en route to China seeking food. In desperation, the HMS Supply, the Colony’s second Navy ship, was sent to Indonesia for food. Hopes were raised when a vessel arrived in Port Jackson in 1790, but it was not the Supply, but the Second Fleet of five ships carrying over 730 people. This Second Fleet was a disaster, with its human cargo severely abused and exploited by the private ship owners. Of 1000 convicts on board, 267 died and 480 were sick from scurvy, dysentery and fever. The supplies on board the Second Fleet were supposed to feed the convicts, but the ship owners withheld the supplies for sale until after the convicts disembarked. Phillip, enraged by this behaviour as he had to further ration existing supplies, became desperate to establish farms and a local economy.

Farms, established with convict labour at Rose Hill (Parramatta) and later at Richmond and Windsor, were soon producing crops. Explorers set out to find new land and areas were opened up in the Liverpool area for market gardens, viticulture and sheep grazing for wool. These farms and pasture all depended on an abundant source of free convict labour to survive. Convicts were assigned to farmers under strict conditions known as the Assignment System.

Convicts building road over the Blue Mountains, 1833. Courtesy National Library of Australia

Convicts were considered government property with few rights and humanity. Author Robert Hughes provides an insight to the psychology of the convicts themselves, citing that most convicts considered the term ‘convict’ to be offensive and referred to themselves as ‘government men’. The convict system can be viewed as a crude form of conscription where the lottery was not with the ballot but with the courts that decided upon transportation or gaol ¹.

As the Colony expanded, new land was needed for farms and the new cash crop of wool, with sheep runs getting bigger and bigger. Several ex-army and ex-convict businessmen were becoming wealthy by exporting wool to England. They also had become quite powerful and even deposed a Governor named Bligh who tried to control their business activities. To the west of Sydney, the Blue Mountains presented a physical barrier and the challenge was set to find a passage. In 1813, explorers Blaxland, Lawson and Wentworth crossed the Blue Mountains and found rich grass plains as far as the eye could see. This was an economic bonanza for the New South Wales businessmen. The Government tried to regulate land use by setting up 13 counties radiating out from Sydney for 200 miles in all directions. Land use beyond these was forbidden. This was hard to enforce and businessmen sent shepherds into the frontier to ‘squat’ and graze sheep. Eventually the businessmen claimed this land as their own and became known as ‘squatters’. All the while Aboriginal people were being forced off their homeland and in many cases murdered if they resisted.

Around this time Matthew Flinders was exploring the coastline of New South Wales and New Holland. In 1802-03, Finders circumnavigated the continent and was the first person to use the term Australia when referring to the whole continent of New Holland, New South Wales and Van Diemens Land.

To curb the dominance of the squatters and to end the system of free convict labour, the Colonial Government decided to promote the migration of free settlers and limit squatter land leases to 14 years. This was to create an emancipist (free people) consumer economy and improve the moral tone of the colony. The Colonial Government assisted some migrants by paying their fare to Australia and helped to set up farms and businesses alongside the wealthy squatters – who of course were not very happy with such competition.

About one third of migrants who came to Australia between 1830 and 1850 paid their own way. Convicts and settlers who came to Australia found that in comparison to Europe, conditions were very good and with hard work and determination they could prosper. They encouraged their relatives in England to come to Australia and enjoy the prosperity. Women migrants were also assisted to curb a gender imbalance in the colonies, to work as domestic servants and to foster marriages and childbirth. These migration schemes resulted in 58,000 people coming to Australia between 1815 and 1840. With increasing numbers of free migrants and the desire of Colonial society to be free of the hated ‘convict stain’ and growing liberal values that saw transportation as brutal, the Colonial Government decided to cease transportation to NSW in 1852. Between 1788 and 1868 approximately 160,000 convicts were sent to Australia.

This convict love token was commissioned by a First Fleet convict Thomas Tilley who was sentenced to seven years transportation for theft. On one side is a bird chained to the ground, and on the other is the inscription, ‘Thomas Tilley transported 29 July 1785 for signing a note sent the hulks Jan 24 1786′. After as time languishing in the Thames hulks, Tilley boarded the transport Alexander in 1787 for Botany Bay. Tilley was at Port Jackson when the colony was proclaimed on the 26th January 1788 at Sydney Cove.

This token was probably made by an itinerant engraver in England as traders had access to prisons and hulks to peddle their wares. ²

The convict love token has historical significance as a rare object from the convict era. The love token was given to a loved one as a memento when convicts were sent to the hulks or transported. The love token is evidence of the Colonial Government’s attitude to contemporary law and order issues and treatment of indentured labourers in a strict Government ‘Assignment System’ designed to provide cheap labour to build an expanding British global empire.

The convict love token has aesthetic significance in the design and manufacture of coins and keep sakes from the early colonial era.

The convict love token is significant for researchers as it is one of the few existing convict love tokens from the First Fleet. Its design and manufacture make it a good example of a convict objects from early colonial Australia and Britain.

The love token has intangible significance, being an iconic object and a symbol of one of Australia’s brutal convict origins and early settlement.

The love token is well provenanced and documented. It was purchased by the Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences in 1987 and has been in the Powerhouse Museum Collection ever since. The convict love token is extremely rare. It is one of a few existing convict love tokens in public collections in Australia. It is also rare as an object from the First Fleet.

The love token represents the coming of Europeans to Aboriginal Australia as it is instantly recognisable as a convict love token and a symbol of the British penal colony and expansion from Sydney Cove. The love token is in excellent condition for its age and material.

The convict love token interprets the dependence of convict labour in the establishment, survival and expansion of the early colony at New South Wales. It also interprets the brutal convict origins of European Australia and the Government system.

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